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9 Illness typically begins with fever, followed by the development of multiple papular, vesiculopustular, and ulcerative lesions on the face and body and prominent lymphadenopathy. 13Įndemic monkeypox is generally self-limited, with clade-dependent case fatality rates of 1 to 10%. Vertical transmission and fetal deaths have been described. 12 There is no clear evidence of sexual transmission through seminal or vaginal fluids.
#Diligent boards reviews skin#
Transmission of monkeypox virus occurs through large respiratory droplets, close or direct contact with skin lesions, and possibly through contaminated fomites. Since early May 2022, more than 3000 monkeypox virus infections have been reported in more than 50 countries across five regions, prompting the World Health Organization to declare monkeypox an “evolving threat of moderate public health concern” on June 23, 2022. 3-9 Despite the fact that monkeypox virus has circulated for decades in regions where it has traditionally been endemic, research into monkeypox has been neglected and underfunded. 2 Such outbreaks and travel-associated cases outside Africa have had limited secondary spread, and therefore human-to-human transmission has been deemed inefficient. 1 Sporadic outbreaks of infection have been reported in Africa, typically originating from contact with wildlife reservoirs (particularly rodents). Monkeypox virus, a zoonotic orthopox DNA virus related to the virus that causes smallpox, was first described in humans in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire). Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries
The simultaneous identification of cases outside areas where monkeypox has traditionally been endemic highlights the need for rapid identification and diagnosis of cases to contain further community spread. In this case series, monkeypox manifested with a variety of dermatologic and systemic clinical findings.
Antiviral treatment was given to 5% of the persons overall, and 70 (13%) were hospitalized the reasons for hospitalization were pain management, mostly for severe anorectal pain (21 persons) soft-tissue superinfection (18) pharyngitis limiting oral intake (5) eye lesions (2) acute kidney injury (2) myocarditis (2) and infection-control purposes (13). Monkeypox virus DNA was detected in 29 of the 32 persons in whom seminal fluid was analyzed. Among the 23 persons with a clear exposure history, the median incubation period was 7 days (range, 3 to 20). Concomitant sexually transmitted infections were reported in 109 of 377 persons (29%) who were tested. Common systemic features preceding the rash included fever (62%), lethargy (41%), myalgia (31%), and headache (27%) lymphadenopathy was also common (reported in 56%). In this case series, 95% of the persons presented with a rash (with 64% having ≤10 lesions), 73% had anogenital lesions, and 41% had mucosal lesions (with 54 having a single genital lesion). Transmission was suspected to have occurred through sexual activity in 95% of the persons with infection. Overall, 98% of the persons with infection were gay or bisexual men, 75% were White, and 41% had human immunodeficiency virus infection the median age was 38 years. We report 528 infections diagnosed between April 27 and June 24, 2022, at 43 sites in 16 countries.
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We formed an international collaborative group of clinicians who contributed to an international case series to describe the presentation, clinical course, and outcomes of polymerase-chain-reaction–confirmed monkeypox virus infections. Transmission, risk factors, clinical presentation, and outcomes of infection are poorly defined. Currently, cases are occurring worldwide. Original Article Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries - April–June 2022 List of authors.īefore April 2022, monkeypox virus infection in humans was seldom reported outside African regions where it is endemic. The most trusted, influential source of new medical knowledge and clinical best practices in the world.
#Diligent boards reviews license#
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